Aristotle s Philosophy On Moral Virtue - 1274 Words

In Book II of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle discusses the idea of moral virtue. Aristotle emphasized the importance of developing moral virtue as the way to achieve what is finally more important, human flourishing (eudaimonia). Aristotle makes the argument in Book II that moral virtue arises from habit—equating ethical character to a skill that is acquired through practice, such as learning a musical instrument. However in Book III, Aristotle argues that a person s moral virtue is voluntary, as it results from many individual actions which are under his own control. Thus, Aristotle confronts us with an inherently problematic account of moral virtue. Aristotle offers four cardinal moral virtues: prudence, temperance, courage, and†¦show more content†¦In this sense, a person can do the â€Å"right† thing, but if it is not done by his own will or choice, it is not morally virtuous. The claims of Books II and III directly contradict each other. The former argues that force must play a part in the development of moral virtue, while the latter explicitly states that what is done by force is not at all morally virtuous. This contradiction can perhaps be resolved within Aristotle’s analysis of justice in Book V. Here he makes evident that justice as a virtue is inherently intertwined with law-abidingness, so much so that he calls lawfulness â€Å"complete virtue† (1129b28). Yet, Aristotle also provides an extensive critique of laws. Giorgi Areshidze examines this critique in his essay, â€Å"AristotleÂ’s Critique of Justice, the Rule of Law and the Common Good in Book V of the Nicomachean Ethics.† According to Areshidze, â€Å"laws are deficient because they are expressed as universals and therefore are likely to fail to secure justice in particular cases (1137b13), and above all because at the core of laws rest deeply flawed assumptions about human beings: laws require penalties because they assume that the lawbreaker gets away with too much good, and must therefore be subjected to punishment through which â€Å"the judge tries to take away his gain and restore the equilib rium† (1132a8).† As a result of this assumption, Areshidze states, â€Å"allShow MoreRelatedAristotle s Realism Philosophy And Philosophy1590 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle’s Realism Philosophy Realism is an educational philosophy; furthermore it is a teaching that stresses knowledge that develops from one s own senses.in my opinion this is great idea for educational philosphy, because it shows that sense deveolpement is the realest possible learning to have. Under this philosophy the idea exists that there is a real world not constructed by human minds, that can be known by one s own mind. It is through experiencing the world around everyone in whichRead MoreAristotle s Views On Happiness And Moral Virtue Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesTiverio Madrigal Landa Philosophy 002 October 13, 2016 Happiness and Moral Virtue Every few decades, an individual revolutionizes the way that we think and perceive the world. During the year 300 B.C., the foundation of philosophy was started by Aristotle and his learning from Plato and Socrates. A few centuries later, Thomas Hobbes beliefs challenged Aristotle s views. At the time, it was not known that their ideas would revolutionize the way we see the world around us today. Even though theyRead MoreAristotle on Happiness and Virtue Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pageshistory by our ancestors in their philosophical discussions. The most ancient and long-lasting literature on moral principles and ethics were described by Greek philosopher Aristotle. He had an excellent command on various subjects ranging from sciences to mathematics and philosophy. He was also a student of a famous philosopher. His most important study on ethics, personal morality and virtues is ‘The Nicomachean Ethics’, which has been greatly influencing works of literature in ethics and heavilyRead More Aristotle and the Doctrine of the Mean Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle and the Doctrine of the Mean Aristotle seeks flourishing happiness in life. He believes that this can be achieved for each individual through the embracement of virtues. Aristotle believes that virtues are the mean of two vices. This is the basis of the Aristotelian â€Å"Doctrine of the Mean†. This paper will explore the basis of the Doctrine of the Mean, its connections to Eudaimonia, and its success or lack thereof. Eudaimonia is a Greek word whose meaningRead MoreAristotles Philosophy on Purpose Essay884 Words   |  4 PagesAristotle, the last of the great Greek philosophers. He roamed Ancient Greece from 384 BC until his death in 323 BC. In this time, he wrote an enormous amount of works, a variety of books from metaphysics to politics and to poetry. His variety is exceptionally impressive. His greatest known works are the Athenian Constitution and Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle’s works of Ethics explore a vast area of topics. He states, â€Å"The goal of the Ethics is to determine how best to achieve happiness.† In orderRead MoreHappiness and Moral Value956 Words   |  4 PagesHappiness and Moral Virtue In Aristotles Nicomachaen Ethics, the principle concern is the nature of human well-being. According to Aristotle, everything we do in life, we do for the sake of some good, or at least something perceived to be good (1094a1-3). When inquiring as to whether there is some good desired for its own sake, Aristotle envisioned a problem that either there is an infinite series of goods desired for the sake of something higher, in which case ones desires can never be satisfiedRead MoreAristotle : Aristotle And The Moral Values Of Aristotle1725 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle; born in 384 BCE, in Stagira, Chalcidice, Greece, was a philosopher and a great scientist during the ancient Greek era. His range of vast knowledge included the majority of both art and science which are biology, botany, chemistry, ethics, metaphysics, history, logic, philosophy of science, rhetoric, philosophy of the mind, poetics, psychology, physics, zoology and political theory. Aristotle’s understanding o f moral virtues is that it stands between the great divide of a set of characteristicsRead MoreAristotle And Aristotle s Theory Of Moral Virtue1229 Words   |  5 PagesNietzsche and Aristotle were two of the most significant philosopher of not only their time but their works has lasted throughout the centuries to influence even some today’s greatest minds. Their works however could not be any separated, Aristotle is a prominent figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of great thinkers such as Plato and SocratesRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Virtue Ethics1095 Words   |  5 Pagesbeginning seems to be more than half of the whole.† ― Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics Ethics is the philosophical study of moral judgements (Solomon: 2010). Moral philosophy has long been dominated by two basic theories; deontology, inspired by Immanuel Kant, the eighteenth century philosopher and; utilitarianism or consequentialism, which derives its modern day instructions from eighteenth and nineteenth century philosophers Jeremey Bentham and J. S. Mills, respectively (Hursthouse:1999). IncreasingRead MoreAristotle s Philosophy Of Nature1731 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle was an influential Greek philosopher and during his time he made significant and profound contributions to the world through his teachings. Teachings such as his philosophy of nature, mathematics ethics, biology and art. Through many of his teachings and influential contributions in today’s society now, we now use what he taught and evolved from there as the years go by. In Aristotle’s life time he transformed the human knowledge that we have now. Giving it all new meanings and purpose

Spinoza vs Descartes on God Essay - 3699 Words

Abstract and Referential Ontology: Descartes Versus Spinoza on the Existence of God. The concept of God is central to the development of Cartesian and Spinozan philosophy. Although both philosophers employ an ontological argument for the existence and necessity of God the specific nature of God differs greatly with each account. While Descartes suggests a Judeo-Christian concept of God, Spinoza argues a more monistic deity similar to that of the Hindu tradition. The most significant difference however, lies within the basis and structure of each argument itself. Considered from an analytical standpoint through the lens of Gotlobb Frege, Descartes proof of God possesses both sense and reference and is therefore capable of expressing the†¦show more content†¦An omni-generic attribute, refers to that which holds of any substance but does not contribute to its essence, such as existence, duration, or number. According to Descartes, to not possess this kind of attribute is a kind of privation or lack of the attribute itself. For example, if a ball is not red it l acks the color red. Therefore, if it is essential that God is both perfect and infinite then non-existence would imply that a perfect being suffers some kind of privation. Clearly this is preposterous, for if a perfect being were to lack anything it would essentially cease to be perfect. Ergo, God exists by virtue of His perfection. Given the above arguments one can begin to understand the nature of the God Descartes is endeavoring to prove. For Descartes, God is infinite and perfect existence. God is â€Å"eternal, immutable, independent, supremely intelligent, supremely powerful, and [the creator of] everything else. (Descartes 20) Not only does God possess this nature but it is necessary that He does so. If God is not infinite or perfect God could not exist as these attributes are essential to Gods existence. Furthermore, if God is not the ultimate creator the innate idea of God we experience would cease to be innate but adventitious (externally caused) or imaginative (caused by the mind) which is again impossible given its content. Given these qualities one can draw a connection to theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Rationalism and Empiricism1486 Words   |  6 Pagesare most likely the two most famous and intriguing schools of philosophy. The two schools deal specifically with epistemology, or, the origin o f knowledge. Although not completely opposite, they are often considered so, and are seen as the Jordan vs. Bird of the philosophy world. The origins of rationalism and empiricism can be traced back to the 17th century, when many important advancements were made in scientific fields such as astronomy and mechanics. These advancements were most likelyRead MoreThe Contributions Of Descartes And Hume3394 Words   |  14 PagesThe contributions of Descartes and Hume towards the issue of establishing: the existence of God Introduction: Arguments for and against the existence of god have been proposed by philosophers, theologians, scientists and others for thousands of years. In Philosophy, these arguments involve primarily the disciplines of Epistemology and Ontology and can be categorized as metaphysical, logical, empirical, or subjective. The epistemic arguments place different restrictions on our ability have knowledgeRead MoreRationalism vs. Irrationalism1607 Words   |  7 PagesRationalism vs. Irrationalism Jane Evans was spending a week at the Crown Point Ward girls camp. She and her friends were laughing and enjoying the crisp night air. They giggled and talked of crushes on boys and gossiped all night about the notorious girls at school. But the fun stopped when a rat bit one of the girls. Screaming, squirming and frightened, they worried and stayed awake for the remainder of the night. Unable to sleep, they decided to go indoors, to avoid anotherRead MoreThe Principles Of Empiricism And The Spirit Behind It2295 Words   |  10 Pagesradical way of thinking began in the 17th century, with John Locke often regarded as the â€Å"father of British empiricism† after writing the 1690 Essay Concerning Human Understanding and within this thesis arguing directly against philosophers such as Descartes and particularly opposing views on innate ideas and how a person comes to conclusions of concepts and whether ideas are born into the mind from birth or not. Locke’s v iews were certainly not universally accepted but did help the rise of British empiricismRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesphysics—are consistent and apply in a wide range of situations. They allow scientists to generalize about the pull of gravity or to be confident about sending astronauts into space to repair satellites. But as a noted behavioral researcher observed, â€Å"God gave all the easy problems to the physicists.† Human beings are complex, and few, if any, simple and universal principles explain organizational behavior. Because we are not alike, our ability to make simple, accurate, and sweeping generalizations is

Plato Defends Rationalism Free Essays

Plato Defends Rationalism Plato was a highly educated Athenian Philosopher. He lived from 428-348 B. C. We will write a custom essay sample on Plato Defends Rationalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Plato spent the early portion of his life as a disciple to Socrates, which undoubtedly helped shape his philosophical theories. One topic that he explored was epistemology. Epistemology is the area of philosophy that deals with questions concerning knowledge, and that considers various theories of knowledge (Lawhead 52). Plato had extremely distinct rationalistic viewpoints. Rationalism is the claim that reason, or intellect, is the primary source of our fundamental knowledge about reality (55). By examining Plato’s philosophical position on the three basic epistemological questions, as well as analyzing his ability to justify the three anchor points of rationalism, it is clear to see that Plato was successful in defending rationalism. There are three basic questions that are the basis for determining the difference between each of the epistemological viewpoints. The first of these is: Is knowledge possible? In order to understand exactly what is being asked here, it is important to consider the agreed definition of knowledge as being a â€Å"true justified belief† (53). Plato believed that yes, it is possible to have knowledge. He claimed that as long as one has the ability to recognize something as false, they are capable of having knowledge. The second question is: Does reason provide us with knowledge of the world independently of experience? Plato would also answer yes to this question as well. Many objected to this, believing that knowledge was a result of sense experience rather than reason. Plato examined this theory (empiricism); he argued that, because the physical world is subject to change, there can be no real truth in knowledge that is based solely on one’s senses. He then used the examples Justice, Goodness, and Equality to justify his argument that there are some things that we cannot come to know through experience alone, thus casting doubt on the empiricist theory. Plato expands on the teachings of Socrates, and acknowledges the concept that we already have ideas or principles that are contained in our mind prior to experience, called innate ideas (73). The third and final question is: Does our knowledge represent reality as it really is? To this question, he would answer yes. Plato’s distinction between innate ideas and sense experience bring us to understand his true sense of reality. Our innate ideas are the foundation from which we are able to possess rational knowledge. Rational knowledge, as Plato explains, gives us the ability to differentiate between invariable â€Å"Forms† (Universals) and the ever changing characteristics that are recognized through sense experiences. Plato believes that knowledge of Universals provide us with knowledge of the fundamental features of reality, which are nonphysical, eternal, and unchanging (81). The three anchor points of Rationalism expand on the question discussed above, Does reason provide us with knowledge of the world independently of experience? The first anchor point is: Reason is the primary or most superior source of knowledge about reality (72). Plato proves this point to be true by determining that it is through unchanging, Universal knowledge, that we come to find reality. The second anchor point is: Sense experience is an unreliable and inadequate route to knowledge (73). Plato questions the reliability and adequacy of sense experience, due to the fact that there are things that we are simply unable to experience in the physical world. If knowledge comes strictly from experience, and we are unable to experience some things, how is it that we come to find such knowledge? Plato also argues that sense experiences are subject to individual interpretation, and are ever changing. Knowledge cannot be based on inconstant perception. The final anchor point of rationalism is: The fundamental truths about the world can be known a priori (independently of, or prior to, experience): They are either innate or self-evident to our minds (73). Plato believed that knowledge was contained in our soul from preexistence, and was independent of human experiences. He came to the conclusion that it is from these innate ideas that we are able to recognize reality. Plato’s view on epistemology is extremely consistent with that of rationalism. He was able to successfully justify his beliefs, not only by proving his theory, but also by disproving alternative theories. Plato recognized the fact that knowledge is possible. He believed that the ability to identify something as false can only come from knowing truth. This was the first step in his philosophical journey. In his quest to determine the source, and explore the characteristics of knowledge, he made several valid arguments. Plato’s strongest argument was that we cannot base our knowledge directly on experience, because there are circumstances in which our senses do not provide us with reliable truths. Not only did this make it apparent that experience is not concrete enough to act as a basis for knowledge, thus disproving the imperialistic theory, but it also helped justify his theory of Universals. Plato was able to prove that reason, by way of innate ideas, leads us to knowledge, as it was defined above, a true justified belief. This rational knowledge, in turn, leads us to the knowledge of reality. Plato spent much of his life studying philosophy, and the concept of knowledge. After finding fault in other epistemological theories, he was led to develop a philosophy of his own. Plato’s approach toward epistemology was considerably different from that of other philosophers in his day. His rationalistic viewpoints were extremely influential. He brought light to the concept of Universals, which had a great impact on the work of philosophers after him. Plato was able to explain knowledge from all aspects, which set him apart from others. Plato was not only able to conclude that knowledge is possible, he was also able to explain how knowledge is obtained. By examining Plato’s philosophical position on the three basic epistemological questions, as well as analyzing his ability to justify the three anchor points of rationalism, it is clear to see that Plato was successful in defending rationalism. Works Cited Lawhead, William F. The Philosophical Journey: An Interactive Approach. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011. 52-81. Print How to cite Plato Defends Rationalism, Papers

Customs and traditions of Great Britain free essay sample

Customss and traditions English imposts and traditions, foremost of all, concerns United Kingdom political system. In Great Britain there is no written fundamental law, merely imposts, traditions and case in points. After the English Revolution of Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy headed by King ( now Queen, Elizabeth the 2nd ) . Traditionally the Queen acts merely on the advice of her Curates. She reigns but she does non govern. Englishmans have traditions non merely in political, but in societal life. For illustration, London, the capital of England, is traditionally divided into three parts: the West End, the East terminal, and the City. The City is a historical, fiscal and concern centre of London. The East End is the territory inhabited by the workers, and the West End is a stylish shopping and entertaining centre. English people like to pass their free clip in legion saloons where they can hold a glass of beer and speak about different things with their friends. We will write a custom essay sample on Customs and traditions of Great Britain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The English are traditional about their repasts. They eat eggs and bacon with toasts for breakfast, pudding or apple pie for sweet. Every English household has five oclock tea. A typical characteristic of an English house is a hearth, even when there is cardinal heating in the house. English people like domestic animate beings. Every household has a pet: a Canis familiaris, a cat or a bird. Politeness is a characteristic characteristic of Englishmen. They frequently say Thank you , Sorry , Beg your forgiveness . Russian people, I think, have to larn this good usage. Englishmans have many traditional vacations, such as Christmas, St.Valentine s Day, Mother s twenty-four hours, Easter and others. Some Englishimposts andtraditions are celebrated all over the universe. Bowler chapeaus, tea and speaking about the conditions, for illustration. From Scotland to Cornwall, the United Kingdom is full ofimposts and traditions. Here are some of them. St. Valentine # 8217 ; s St. Valentine s Day roots in several different fables that have found their manner to us through the ages. One of the earliest popular symbols of the twenty-four hours is Cupid, the Roman God of Love, Who is represented by the image of a immature male child with bow and pointer. Three hundred old ages after the decease of Jesus Christ, the Roman emperors still demanded that everyone believe in the Roman Gods. Valentine, a Christian priest, had been thrown in prison for his instructions. On February 14, Valentine was beheaded, non merely because he was a Christian, but besides because he had performed a miracle. He purportedly cured the prison guard s girl of her sightlessness. The dark before he was executed, he wrote the prison guard s girl a farewell missive, subscribing it, from Your Valentine . Another fable tells us that this same Valentine, well-loved by all, wrote notes from his gaol cell to kids and friends who missed him. Whatever the uneven mixture of beginnings, St. Vale ntine s Day is now a twenty-four hours for sweeties. It is the twenty-four hours that you show your friend of loved one that you care. You can direct confect to person you think is particular. Or you can direct valentines a greeting card named after the notes that St. Valentine wrote from gaol. Valentines can be sentimental, romantic, and heartfelt. They can be amusing and friendly. If the transmitter is diffident, valentines can be anon. . Americans of all ages as other people in different states love to direct and have valentines. Handmade valentines, created by cutting Black Marias out of colored paper, show that a batch of idea was put into doing them personal. Valentines can be cordate, or have Black Marias, the symbol of love, on them. In simple schools, kids make valentines, they have a little party with refreshments. You can compensate a short rime inside the bosom: There are gilded ships And Ag ships, But no ships Like friendly relationship. Valentine cards are normally decorated with symbols of love and friendly relationship. These symbols were devised many centuries ago. Lace symbolises a net for catching one s bosom. If you get a Valentine with a piece of a lacing you may understand that the individual who sent it must be brainsick about you. A symbol should hold several significances, so some experts maintain that lacing stands for a nuptial head covering. A thread means that the individual is tired up, while Black Marias, which are the most common romantic symbol, denote ageless love. Red roses are besides frequently used as a love emblem. Valentine s Day grows more and more popular in many states of the universe. Some people have already begun to observe it in Russia. They try to copy European Valentine imposts and want to cognize more about their beginning. St. Valentine s Day is the twenty-four hours when male childs and misss. friends and neighbors, hubbies and married womans, sweeties and lovers exchange saluta tion of love and fondness. It is the twenty-four hours to portion one s loving feelings with friends and household, but it is immature work forces and misss who normally wait it with restlessness. This twenty-four hours has become traditional for many twosomes to go occupied. That makes immature people acknowledge St. Valentine s as the great friend and frequenter of lovers. November, 5 is Guy Fawkes # 8217 ; s Day. On the 5th of November in about every town and small town in England one can see fire combustion, pyrotechnics, checking and illuming up the sky, little groups of kids drawing unit of ammunition in a place made cart, a figure that looks something like a adult male but consists of an old suit of apparels, stuffed with straw. The kids sing: Remember, retrieve the 5th of November ; Gun pulverization, lese majesty and secret plan . And they ask passerby for a penny for the Guy But the kids with the Guy are non likely to cognize who or what twenty-four hours they are observing. They have done this more or less every 5th of November since 1605. At that clip James the First was on the throne. He was hated with many people particularly the Roman Catholics against whom many sever Torahs had been passed. A figure of Catholics head of whom was Robert Catesby determined to kill the King and his curates by blowing up the house of Parliament with gunpowder. To assist them in this they got Gu y Fawker, a soldier of luck, who would make the existent work. The twenty-four hours fixed for effort was the 5th of November, the twenty-four hours on which the Parliament was to open. But one of the plotters had several friends in the parliament and he did nt desire them to decease. So he wrote a missive to Lord Monteagle imploring him to do some alibi to be absent from parliament if he valued his life. Lord Monteagle took the missive hurrily to the King. Guards were sent at one time to analyze the basements of the house of Parliament. And there they found Guy Fawker about to fire a trail of gunpowder. He was tortured and hanged, Catesby was killed, defying apprehension in his ain house. In memory of that twenty-four hours balefires are still lighted, pyrotechnics shoot across the November sky and figures of Guy Fawker are burnt in the streets. Christmas. It is certain that Christmas is celebrated all over the universe. Possibly no other vacation has developed a set of imposts and symbols. This is the twenty-four hours when many people are going place to be with their famillies on Christmas Day, 25th December. The Christmas narrative comes from bible. An angel appeared to shepherds and told them that a Savior had been born to Mary and Joseph in a stable in Bethlehem. Three Wise Men from the East followed a fantastic star which led them to the babe Jesus to whome they paid court and presented gifts of gold, frankicense and sweet cicely. To people all over the universe, Christmas is a season of giving and having nowadayss. In Norse and other European states, Father Christmas, or Saint Nicholas, comes into house at dark and leaves gifts for the kids. Saint Nicholas is represented as a fidly adult male with a ruddy cloak and long white face fungus. He visited house and left giftes, dringing people felicity in the coldest months of the twe lvemonth. Another character, the Norse God Odin, rode on a charming winging Equus caballus across the ages to do the present twenty-four hours Santa Claus. For most British households, this is the most of import festival of the twelvemonth, it combines the Christian jubilation or the birth of Christ with the traditional celebrations of winter. On the Sunday before Christmas many churches hold a carol service where particular anthem are sung.Sometimes carol-singers can be heard on the streets as they collect money for charity. Most households decorate their houses with brightly-colored paper or holly, and they normally have a Christmas tree in the corner or the front foom, glistening with colored visible radiations and ornaments. The Christmas tree was popularized by Prince Albert, hubby of Queen Victoria, who introduced one to the Royal Household in 1840. Since 1947, the state of Norway has presented Britain yearly with a big Christmas tree which stands in Trafalgar Square in memorialization of Anglo-Norwegian cooperation during the Second World War. There are a batch of traditions connected with Christmas but possibly the most of import one is the giving of present. Familly members wrap up their gifts and go forth them underside of the Christmas tree to be found on Christmas forenoon. Children leave sock or stocking at the terminal of their beds on Christmas Eve, 24th of December, trusting that Father Christmas will come down the chimney during the dark and convey them little nowadayss, fruit and nuts. They are normally non disappointe! At some clip on Christmas Day the familly will sit down to a large Meleagris gallopavo dinner followed by Christmas pudding. Christmas dinner consists traditionally of a joint Meleagris gallopavo, goose or poulet with dressing and joint murphies. Mince pies and Christmas pudding flaring with brandy, which might incorporate coins or lucky appeals for kids, follow this. ( The pudding is normally prepared hebdomads beforehand and is customarily stirred by each member of the household as a want is ma de. ) Subsequently in the twenty-four hours, a Christmas bar may be served a rich adust crackpot with marchpane, frosting and sugar icing. The pulling of Christmas crackers frequently accompanies nutrient on Christmas Day. Invented by a London baker in 1846, a cracker is a brilliantly colored paper tubing, twisted at both terminals, which contains a party chapeau, conundrum and plaything or other bangle. When it is pulled by two people it gives out a cleft as its contents are dispersed. 26th December is besides a public vacation, Boxing Day, which takes its name from a former usage of giving a Christmas Box a gift of money or nutrient inside a box to the delivery boies and trades people who called on a regular basis during the twelvemonth. This tradition survives in the usage of tipping the milkman, mailman, garbage mans and other companies of good service at Christmas clip. This is the clip to see friends and relations or ticker football. At midnight on 31th December throughout Great Britain people celebrate the coming of the New Year, by keeping custodies in a big circle and singing the vocal: Should auld familiarity be forget, And neer brought to mind? Should auld familiarity be forget? And auld lang syne? For auld lang syne, my beloved, For auld lang syne, We ll take a cup of kindness yet, For auld lang syne! .. New Year s Eve is a more of import festival in Scotland than it is in England, and it even has a particular name. It is non clear where the word Hogmanay comes from, but it is connected with the proviso of nutrient and drink for all visitants to your place on 31th December. It was believed that the first individual to see one s house on New Year s Day could convey good or bad fortune. Therefore, people tried to set up for the individual or their ain pick to be standing outside their houses ready to be let in the minute midnight had come. Normally a dark-complexioned adult male was chosen, and neer a adult female, for she would convey bad fortune. The first footer was required to transport three articles: a piece of coal to wish heat, a piece of staff of life to wish nutrient, and a Ag coin to wish wealth. Easter. Easter is a Christian spring festival that is normally celebrated in March or April. The name for Easter comes from a heathen birthrate jubilation. The word Easter is named after Eastre, the Anglo-Saxon goddess og spring. Spring is a natural clip for new life and hope when animate beings have their immature and workss begin to turn. Christian Easter may hold intentionally been celebrated in the topographic point of a heathen festival. It is hence non surprising that relics of making and beliefs non belonging th the Christian religious should cleave even to this greatest twenty-four hours in the Church s twelvemonth. An antique usage still alive is to acquire up early and climb a hill to see the Sun lifting. There are legion histories of the fantastic spectacle of the Sun twirling unit of ammunition and unit of ammunition for joy at our Saviour s Resurrection. So many people go out-of-doorss on Easter forenoon hoping to see the Sun dance. There is besides a usage of seting on someth ing new to travel to church on Easter forenoon. People celebrate the vacation harmonizing to their beliefs and their spiritual denominations. Christians commemorate Good Friday as the twenty-four hours that Christ died and Easter Sunday as the twenty-four hours that He was resurrected. Protestant colonists brought the usage of a dawn service, a spiritual assemblage at morning, to the United States. Today on Easter Sunday, kids wake up to happen that the Easter Bunny has left them baskets of confect. He has besides hidden the eggs that they decorated earlier that hebdomad. Children Hunt for the eggs all around the house. Vicinities and organisations hold Easter egg Hunts, and the kid who first the most eggs wins a award. Americans celebrate the Easter bunny coming. They set out easter baskets for their kids to expect the Easter bunnys reaching whi leaves confect and other material. The Easter Bunny is a rabbit-spirit. Long ago, he was called the Easter Hare . Hares and coneies have frequent multiple births, so they became a symbol of birthrate. Christians fast during the 40 yearss before Easter. They choose to eat and imbibe merely plenty to feep themselves alive. The twenty-four hours predating Lent is known as Shrove Tuesday, or Pancake Day. Shrove Tuesday recalls the twenty-four hours when people went to Church Ti confess and be shriven before Lent. But now the twenty-four hours is more by and large connected with relics of the traditional banqueting before the fast. Shrove Tuesday is celebrated for pancake calebration. There is some competition at Westminster School: the battercakes are tossed over a saloon by the cook and struggled for by a little group of selected male childs. The male child who manages to acquire the largest piece is given a present. This tradition dates from 1445. In the forenoon the first church bell on Orley is rung for the rivals to do battercakes. The 2nd ring is a signal for cooking them. The 3rd bell set round for the copetitors to garner at the market square. Then the Pancake bell is sounded and the ladies set off from the church porch, fliping their battercakes three times as they run. Each adult female must ha ve on an apron and a chapeau or scarf over her caput. The victor is given a Prayer Book dy the Vicar. Mothering Sunday is the 4th Sunday in Lent. It is customary to vasit one s female parent on that twenty-four hours. Mother ought to be given a present tea, flowers or a simnel bar. It is possible to purchase the bar, they are sold in every confectionery. But it is preferrable to do it at place. The manner Mothering Sunday is celebrated has much in common with the International Women s Day jubilation in Russia. Good Friday is the first Friday before Easter. It is the twenty-four hours when all kinds of tabu on assorted plants are in force. Besides it is a good twenty-four hours for switching beers, for seeding murphies, peas, beans, Petroselinum crispum, and sniping rose trees. Good Friday brings the one time sacred bars, the celebrated Hot Cross buns. These must be spiced and the dough marked with a cross before baking. Eggs, poulets, coneies and flowers are all symbols of new life. Chocolate and fruit bar covered with marchpane show that fasting is over. Wherever Easter is celebrated, there Easter eggs are normally to be found. In England, merely as in Russia, Easter is a clip for giving and receiving of nowadayss that traditionally take the signifier of an Easter egg. Easter egg is a existent hard-bitten egg dyed in bright colourss or decorated with some luxuriant form. Coloring and adorning eggs for Easter is a really ancient usage. Many people, nevertheless, avoid utilizing unreal dyes and prefer to boil eggs with the outer tegument of an onion, which makes the eggs shells xanthous or brown. In fact, the colour depends on the sum of onion tegument added. In ancient times they used many different natural dyes fir the intent. The dyes were obtained chiefly from foliages, flowers and bark. At present Easter eggs are besides made of cocoa, sugar, metals, wood, ceramics and other stuffs at manus. They may differ in size, runing from tremendous to tiny, no bigger than a redbreast s egg. Easter Sunday is solemnly celebrated in London. Each twelvemonth the capital metropolis of Britain greets the spring with a dramatic Easter Parade in Battersea Park. The great emanation, or parade, begins at 3 p.m. The parade consists of many decorated floats, entered by assorted organisations in and outside London. Some of the finest sets in the state take portion in the parade. At the rear of the parade is normally the really beautiful float amply decorated with flowers. It is called the Jersey 1 because the spring flowers bloom early on the Island of Jersey. In England, kids rolled eggs down hills on Easter forenoon, a game has been connected to the turn overing off of the stone from Jesus Christ s grave so He was resurrected. British colonists brought this usage to the New World. It consists of turn overing coloured, hardboiled egg down a incline until they are cracked and broken after whish they are eaten by their proprietors. In some territories this is a competitory game, the victor being the participant whose egg remains longest undamaged, but more normally, the merriment consists merely of the peal and feeding. Harvest Corn Dollies Many states seem to hold had a similar usage to the British one of doing a design from the last bundle of maize to be harvested. In Britain a maize dolly is created by braiding the wheat chaffs to make a straw figure. The maize dolly is kept until the Spring. This is because people believed that the maize spirit lived in the wheat and as the wheat was harvested, the spirit fled to the wheat which remained. By making the maize dolly the spirit is unbroken alive for the following twelvemonth and the new harvest. Sometimes the maize dolly is hung up in the barn, sometimes in the farmhouse, and sometimes in the church. In Jumping the maize dolly would be ploughed back into the dirt. There are many types of maize dolly. The narrative of John Barleycorn A narrative to the maize dolly is to be found in the folksong John Barleycorn. Three work forces swear that John Barleycorn must decease. They take a Big Dipper and bury him alive. But the Spring comes and John rises through the dirt. After a piece he grows large and strong, even turning a face fungus, so the three work forces cut him down at the articulatio genus, tie him on to a cart, beat him, strip the flesh off his castanetss and crunch him between two rocks. But at the terminal it is John Barleycorn who defeats his oppositions, turn outing the stronger adult male, by turning into beer. Harvest Festivals In churches all over Britain there are services to thank God for the Harvest. As portion of these services local people bring baskets of fruit and veggies to adorn the church. The green goods is so distributed to the hapless. Halloween The word itself, Halloween, really has its beginnings in the Catholic Church. It comes from a contracted corruptness of All Hallows Eve. November 1, All Hollows Day ( or All Saints Day ) , is a Catholic twenty-four hours of observation in award of saints. But, in the fifth century BC, in Celtic Ireland, summer officially ended on October 31. The vacation was called Samhain ( sow-en ) , the Celtic New twelvemonth. One narrative says that, on that twenty-four hours, the discorporate liquors of all those who had died throughout the preceding twelvemonth would come back in hunt of populating organic structures to possess for the following twelvemonth. It was believed to be their lone hope for the hereafter. The Celts believed all Torahs of infinite and clip were suspended during this clip, leting the spirit universe to blend with the life. Naturally, the still-living did non desire to be possessed. So on the dark of October 31, villagers would snuff out the fires in their places, to do them cold and unwanted. They would so dress up in all mode of morbid costumes and noisily paraded around the vicinity, being every bit destructive as possible in order to scare away liquors looking for organic structures to possess. Probably a better account of why the Celts extinguished their fires was non to deter spirit ownership, but so that all the Celtic folks could relight their fires from a common beginning, the Druidic fire that was kept combustion in the Middle of Ireland, at Usinach. Some histories tell of how the Celts would fire person at the interest who was thought to hold already been possessed, as kind of a lesson to the liquors. Other histories of Gaelic history debunk these narratives as myth. The Romans adopted the Gaelic patterns as their ain. But in the first century AD, Samhain was assimilated into jubilations of some of the other Roman traditions that took topographic point in October, such as their twenty-four hours to honour Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit and trees. The symbol of Pomona is the apple, which might explicate the beginning of our modern tradition of bobbing for apples on Halloween. The push of the patterns besides changed over clip to go more ritualized. As belief in spirit ownership waned, the pattern of dressing up like hobgoblins, shades, and enchantresss took on a more ceremonial function. The usage of Halloween was brought to America in the 1840 s by Irish immigrants flying their state s potato dearth. At that clip, the favourite buffooneries in New England included tipping over privies and perturbing fencing Gatess. The usage of trick-or-treating is thought to hold originated non with the Irish Celts, but with a ninth-century European usage called souling. On November 2, All Souls Day, early Christians would walk from small town to village beggary for soul bars, made out of square pieces of staff of life with currants. The more soul cakes the mendicants would have, the more supplications they would assure to state on behalf of the dead relations of the givers. At the clip, it was believed that the dead remained in oblivion for a clip after decease, and that supplication, even by aliens, could hasten a psyche s transition to heaven. The Jack-o-lantern usage likely comes from Irish folklore. As the narrative is told, a adult male named Jack, who was ill-famed as a rummy and prankster, tricked Satan into mounting a tree. Jack so carved an image of a cross in the tree s bole, pin downing the Satan up the tree. Jack made a trade with the Satan that, if he would neer allure him once more, he would assure to allow him down the tree. Harmonizing to the common people narrative, after Jack died, he was denied entryway to Heaven because of his evil ways, but he was besides denied entree to Hell because he had tricked the Satan. Alternatively, the Satans gave him a individual coal to illume his manner through the cold darkness. The coal was placed inside a hollowed-out Brassica rapa to maintain it glowing longer. The Irish used Brassica rapas as their Jack s lanterns originally. But when the immigrants came to America, they found that Cucurbita pepos were far more plentiful than Brassica rapas. So the Jack-O-Lantern in America was a hollowed-out Cucurbita pepo, lit with an coal. So, although some heathen groups, cults, and Diabolists may hold adopted Halloween as their favourite vacation, the twenty-four hours itself did non turn out of evil patterns. It grew out of the rites of Celts observing a new twelvemonth, and out of Medieval supplication rites of Europeans. And today, even many churches have Halloween parties or pumpkin carving events for the childs. After all, the twenty-four hours itself is merely every bit evil as one cares to do it. Fire has ever played an of import portion in Halloween. Fire was really of import to the Celts as it was to all early people. In the old yearss people lit balefires to guard away evil liquors and in some topographic points they used to leap over the fire to convey good fortune. Now we light tapers in pumpkin lanterns. Halloween is besides a good clip to happen out the hereafter. Want to happen out who you will get married? Here are two ways you might seek to happen out: Apple-bobbing Float a figure of apples in a bowl of H2O, and seek to catch one utilizing merely your dentitions. When you have caught one, peel it in one unbroken strip, and throw the strip of Peel over your left shoulder. The missive the Peel signifiers is the initial of your future hubby or married woman. Nut-cracking Topographic point two nuts ( such as buckeyes ) on a fire. Give the nuts the names of two possible lovers and the 1 that cracks foremost will be the one. There are several unusual traditions: Incorrect side of the bed When people are bad tempered we say that they must hold got out of bed on the incorrect side. Originally, it was meant quiet literally. Peoples believe that the manner they rose in the forenoon affected their behaviour throughout the twenty-four hours. The incorrect side of the bed was the left side. The left ever holding been linked with immorality. Blowing out the tapers The usage of holding tapers on birthday bars goes back to the ancient Greeks. Believers of Artemis, goddess of the Moon and hunting, used to put honey bars on the communion tables of her temples on her birthday. The bars were round like the full Moon and lit with tapers. This usage was following recorded in the in-between ages when German provincials illuminated tapers on birthday bars, the figure lit bespeaking the individual s age, plus an excess one to stand for the visible radiation of life. From earliest yearss firing tapers had been endowed with mystical significance and it was believed that when blown out they had the power to allow a secret want and guarantee a happy twelvemonth in front.

Kosovo Origins, Developments Outcomes

buy custom Class Matters by Angela Whitiker Climb essay

buy custom Class Matters by Angela Whitiker Climb essay The book, Class Matters by Angela Whitiker Climb present an exclusive collection of accounts examining social status of individuals in U.S.A. It portrays experiences of challenges of different individuals in the American society. It also opens up category inequalities in American society, giving examples of how issues such as poverty, education, single parenthood immensely contribute to the formation of class distinctions. Different people striving to be integrated in the society are characterized by class consciousness. One of the main propositions argues that, although class consciousness seems to be fading away, social status continues to be a significant impetus in the American society. On the challenges of single parenthood, Ms.Whitiker narrates her own story on how she struggled with her family of six but eventually gains economic stability although other challenges continue to follow her. The situation of Ms.Whitiker, a single parent, is an extremely rare event more so because of the perceptions held by the society. Sociologists maintain the value that an individual requires twin pillars to succeed; social and human resources (Adrian 2008, pg 153). However, she maneuvers through and makes it in life without the two main prerequisites. The issues revolving around the success of the single mother are quite remarkable. For instance, she struggles from being a drug addict to a middle-class nurse. At the end of the day, she acts as a model of success to the society. In addition, the community will ultimately benefit from her triumph and her children will not be a problem to the society. Furthermore, the future seems brighter than how it has been. Information from this source can be used to encourage the single mothers to exploit their full potential and cease from following the perceived normality by the society. For example, Ms.Whitiker in this case is a source of inspiration for what women can do even without husbands. Marriage can be crucial for attainment of ambitions and reduction of poverty. However, it is not always exclusively enough. Education as brought out in this case shows that it can be a significant avenue to empowering the women; those who are not in marriage institutions and who seem to have lost hope in life. There is also an inspiration from the author that poverty is not a legal barrier to economic success. We can also understand that handwork leads to poverty reduction. Buy custom "Class Matters" by Angela Whitiker Climb essay

Alternate Forms of Assessment for Special Population Research Paper

Alternate Forms of Assessment for Special Population - Research Paper Example Community provides what such students expect in real world. For instances a minor should be ready to be put in a normal school setting, the playground and home; on the other hand, an adult should be put in a grown-up setting like a bank, a store or an office. Gauging such a student’s skill in every perspective from educational to physical outdoor skills. Any skill that requires integration. For instance, assessing personal and social skills individually from independence and liability would create room for redundant effort, and potentially resulting in reinforced focus on isolated skills. The embracing of continuous keeping of records for such students at all stages. Such a method would result in more accurate and reliable progressive or retrogressive efforts on the part of the student. Those students with severe hurdles have a higher variability in their skills from those without disabilities or minute disabilities on a daily basis. As such, seasonal skills could only be visi ble with time. The institutions dealing with such students should include, as a mandatory measure, supports and adaptations, and train the students to use them. The school system should avail devices, trained personnel and any other necessary support to enable the learners to function as independently as possible. Such a recommendation has been proved worthy in practice in Kentucky in that it drives effective school and classroom practice (Kleinert, Kennedy, & Kearns, 1999). On a personal note, of the above suggestion, I would be of a higher degree of agreement with number (ii). In a situation whereby an individual is disadvantaged, there always is the possibility of his/her worth in other life sphere. Just like it is said that disability is not inability, it has been proven over time that individuals with physical or mental challenges could still have a great unexploited talent. For instance, in Olympics there is the Paralympics category. There also are the Special Olympics for phy sically and mentally challenged athletes. The Most Beneficial Recommendations Recommendation number (IV) would be much realistic and would bear much expected positive results without having to continuously strain for such results. It would be highly ignorant when there is a standard meant to be attained in terms of result over a given period. Only those individuals who possess a high degree of irresponsibility and inhumane nature would set a goal for a disabled individual and not provide an environment that would make such a goal either realistic or easily achievable for such an individual. Assessing Students with Cognitive Disabilities In as far as dealing with a challenged student is concerned, there should exist laid down and visible lucrative incentives in the society for them and this could be achieved only when they compete with the other not challenged individuals. It should not just be in sports but also intellectually. Disabled individuals who achieve such targets, for exam ple, a very lucrative and well paying job in the society, act as role models and inspirations to the others. Zatta's article on Alternate Assessment for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities :Implication for Educators, would be best to be termed as a much sought educational tool needed by any reformist wanting to transform the way the significantly cognitive disabled students are assessed and

Analysis of Biblical Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of Biblical Perspective - Essay Example When we try to help others for our own emotional fulfillment, the meaning of love is lost. On the other hand, we have to help others without the significant power over them and make sure that our help is done the way they need it, on their own terms. Quite naturally, such acts of love are apt to result in personal losses to the caregiver but one can be assured that they are worth the trouble as long as they are done as an expression of love to God. The perfect example for true love to God is set by saintly figures like Mother Teresa, who sacrificed their personal comforts and joy for the sake of providing a decent life for many extremely poor and sick people who had no one to look after them. When I think of being a caregiver, I hope to strive towards such a level of selfless love for others, even if I start it from simple acts of kindness in daily life. Apart from being vigilant to the needs of individuals and society in general, I would also like to make a pact with God through a n umber of such meaningful little acts of love that would fall into a specific pattern. However, I would also like to keep my work towards that as an issue between me and God, which needs constant self-reflection and prayerful communication with God. 2. The passage from Matthew 8:28-32 deals with the healing of two demon-possessed men. It describes how Jesus arrived with his disciples at Gadarenes where the two possessed men coming from the tombs met him. They are described as so violent that no one could pass through that way. They encountered Jesus violently, addressing him as â€Å"son of God† and asking him: â€Å"Have you come here to torture us before the appointed time?† The spirits requested him to send them to a herd of pigs rearing nearby, and Jesus does exactly the same. The pigs rushed down the steep bank down the lake and they perish, whereof those who were tending them rushed to the town to inform others of this.  Ã‚  

Employee Relations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Employee Relations - Case Study Example These items pass through their network of 70 mail centers, 8 regional distribution centers and3,000 delivery offices. Then the fleet of over 30,000 red vehicles and 33,000 bicycles help them to deliver these items to their final destinations or recipients. Employment relationship or industrial relations particularly refers to the legal relationship between the employer and the employee. Thus it's obvious that employment relationship creates a set of reciprocal rights and corresponding obligations on the part of the employer and the employee (Darlington, 2009). A healthy relationship between employers and employees is a very important factor in the efficiency and the success of any organization. When considering the labor relations and disputes, a small conflict between the above parties can be a serious issue and it can turn the entire business into bankruptcy if both parties do not negotiate with each other and find solutions quickly and effectively. This is due to the fact that the bargaining power of individuals or trade unions is unlimited. So it is necessary to have a stable policy and procedure for the effective execution of employee relations, especially regarding the labor disputes (Bennett, 1999). Advisory Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) is the governing body and the facilitator of employee relations and conflict issues in... The employees are demanding high wages to make adjustments to their living costs against inflation in the economy by giving various reasons to justify the issue, such as higher operating cost in the organization due to a lack of experience and the commitment of the executives. And they know the importance of the organization and its existence in order to serve the people in the country. They feel that there is a negative attitude towards the employees on the part of the administrative officers. They further argue that the high wages of Royal Mail's chief executive officers is one of the reasons for their woes. The employees feel that there is a huge discrimination in wage levels between and among executives and the workers.There are various bargaining positions adopted by the employees, such as distributive bargaining and classic bargaining. In all these positions are adopted in order to secure increases in the wage level of the employees, reduce the work hours and get approvals for medical leaves. Yet another type of bargaining is the integrative bargaining that includes raising health and safety of the employees to improve the quality of life of employees. Intra-organizational bargaining is concerned with the matters relating to internal problems such as wastage, long working hours etc. If employees are not confident that the authorities are not considering their bargaining issues they might possibly go for the union tactics to redress their grievances. Slowdowns of the operations, stoppages and even outright strikes are staged by them to win over rights. If the employees feel first two tactics are not going to work they might conduct a public strike as

The Found Footage Phenomenon Film Studies Essay

The Found Footage Phenomenon Film Studies Essay The Blair Witch Project is a story of an attempt of three documentary film students to investigate the legends of the Blair Witch. Apparently skeptical, Heather, Joshua, and Michael enter the woods around Burkittsville, Maryland, with two cameras. Heather was determined to document everything in  «as straightforward way as possible ». As the documentarians go deeper, the friends become unsure of their whereabouts. Soon, they realize that they have lost their way. At night, the filmmakers hear bizarre noises, and in the morning, find three fresh rock mounds built outside their tent. The mood is charged with fear, frustration, and anger as the trio is trying to find their way out of the woods but seem to be entrapped and walk in circles. Their sense of doom is enhanced as one night, Joshua vanishes without a trace. Following his screams, Heather and Michael come to a deserted house in the woods. They go inside and search everywhere until Michael runs to the basement claiming that h e has heard Joshua there. The footage ends with Heather screaming and dropping the camera on the floor, the last image being of Michael with his face to a wall in the semi-dark basement. Being a mockumentary, The Blair Witch Project primarily draws on all the elements of the documentary genre to achieve its effects. While the movie was being created, the directors launched a marketing campaign by creating a website with fake reports of the three filmmakers missing and documents of the Blair Witch. Thus, as Emily Shaw points out, billed as a factual piece, the phenomenon quickly gained a cult following (386). It should be remembered that the impression produced by a documentary film is that of greater authenticity than made by a fictional film. According to Joseph H. Boggs and Dennis W. Petrie, even the first documentary productions emanated from what we could call the documentary urge of their creators, who wished, quite simply, to document life » (460). However, the implication of the genre from which found footage takes its roots is more complex as documentary pictures do not merely record objective reality. Like nonfiction literature, a nonfiction film inevitabl y presents the subjective vision of its maker as well (461). Therefore, it is the blend of grainy-film objectivity and the subjective first-person narration of the camera-holder that seems to make the found footage genre so appealing. The director of photography of The Blair Witch Project Neal Fredericks recalls that most of the video footage was shot by Donahue, which was designed to provide a more immediate, you-are-there feeling for their day-to-day behind-the-scenes experiences on this fictional class project. Ive had some experience transferring video to film, so I knew that when we eventually transferred all of the footage to a 35mm print, the aesthetic qualities of the 35mm film would take some of the edge off the video, making it a bit softer and more pleasing to the eye (Pizzello, 100). Film experts have applauded Myrick and Sanchez for the enticing rawness of their approach. For example, Melinda Corey and George Ochoa noted that the movie shot on 16mm black and white and color digital video, was commended for its documentary style, blurring the lines between reality and fiction (131). Another expert, Kevin Harley, called The Blair Witch Project a guerilla-indie hit that, while drawing on mockumentary self-consciousness, channeled raw edge-of-sight fear. Blairs ambiguities amplify its resonances (110). The effect of their first-person narration technique of The Blair Witch Project was fascinating at the time; however, Myrick and Sanchez successors have since considerably ameliorated their method. The use of mirrors, for example, in Chronicle (director: Josh Trank, screenplay: Max Landis, cinematographer: Matthew Jensen), a story of three high-school students who acquire telekinetic powers, or Paranormal Activity (written, directed and filmed by Oren Peli) was innovative for the genre. In Chronicle, the mirrors not only advance its protagonists Andrews characterization as a narcissistic teenager but also help to make the movie more visually sophisticated than the early specimens of the genre. In Paranormal Activity, mirrors hint at its protagonists Katies and Micahs double selves as well as their relationships gradual disintegration. Another improvement in the found footage genre has been its expansion from the domain of horror (i.e. witches, spirits and daemons) to the science fiction film as illustrated, for example, by Cloverfield (2008) and Chronicle. The critic of culture Bruce Kawin has made a distinction between the effects that horror and science fiction films produce on the viewer. According to him, one goes to the horror film in order to have a nightmare, a dream whose undercurrent of anxiety both presents and masks the desire to fulfill and be punished for certain unconventionally unacceptable impulses. Moreover, Kawin claims that science fiction appeals to consciousness, horror to the unconscious (qtd. in Boggs, Petrie, 422). Another cultural critic J.P. Telotte commenting on sci-fi filmmaking points out that the genre has obviously staked out as its special territory the latest possibilities of artifice through the very latest of technological development in cinema. Tellote goes on to compliment the creators of science fiction films for finally making this artifice seem to be less its end than its methodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ simply a most effective wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ for gauging the human (qtd. in Boggs, Petrie, 422). It is true that found footage films have progressively focused on exploring the human condition. One of the pervasive themes that unite The Blair Witch Project, Chronicle, and Paranormal Activity is their respective characters inability to cope with reality and isolation; besides, their handheld cameras play a vital role in this. One of the directors of The Blair Witch Project Eduardo Sanchez claims that he drew his inspiration for the movie from such movies as The Shining and The Exorcist. And just like in The Shining (produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick), a 1980 film about a janitor going insane in a snowbound hotel and taking it out on his wife and child, the pervasive theme of Myrick and Sanchezs mockumentary is psychological and physical isolation, which, acco rding to Sanchez, is the key to horror films (Fletcher, 29). While the three young filmmakers searching for the evidence of the Blair Witch find themselves cut off from the outside world, their leader Heather, perhaps, has always been so, for as Joshua half-jokingly remarks to her at one point in the movie: We see why you like this video camera so much. Its not quite reality. Its totally filtered reality. Its like you can pretend everythings not quite the way it is. Heather has no comment on this, but Joshuas banter is echoed in Chronicle, where Steven questions Andrew about always putting up a camera between himself and the world as a barrier, whereas in Paranormal Activity, Katie repeatedly blames Micah for preferring the camera to human communication. However, while no reasons are given for Heathers self-isolation behind her cameras eye, the subject is much better elaborated in more recent found-footage. In Chronicle, it is obviously Andrews abusive and alcoholic father and the terminal illness of his mother that drive him to conquer reality through the camera lens. In Paranormal Activity, Micahs camera plays a role of its own, initially used by him to identify the supernatural activity in the couples house but actually stimulates its outbursts and brings about his demise. It is noteworthy that modern home-video-look directors have detached the camera from the actor, thus defying the very notion of handheld and not without success. For instance, the telekinetic high-schoolers in Chronicle can make the camera float in the air, just like they do, or, like Micah in Paranormal Activity, leave it working on a tripod and review the footage later, thus creating a juxtaposition of the past and present-time planes in the narration something unimaginable in the early found-footage days. Moreover, unlike the late 20th-century hand-held cam fiction, the modern found-footage makers have increasingly been using conventional themes and narration techniques. Chronicle, for instance, is nothing but an account of a duel between good and evil, a subject common to dozens of Hollywood productions that even transcends the limitation of one plot line: the initially ambiguous but eventually fixed relationship of Matt and Casey is opposed to the chronicle of Andrews downfall. Furthermore, Chronicle appeals to its target audience by addressing the adolescent obsession with sex as well as the nerd-turned-Superhero theme, whereas the violent outbreaks of Paranormal Activity could be seen quite conventionally as an artistic metaphor for the love-hate relationship between Katie and Micah. The success of this hybrid approach has made even the forefathers of the found-footage genre redefine their priorities. According to one of the men behind The Blair Witch Project, Eduardo Sanchez, he has recently been frustrated by the idea of always having to have the camera on. This year, Sanchez has released Lovely Molly, a horror film shot partly with the help of handheld and partly with conventional camera. The director says, Whether its found footage or conventional filmmaking, a good idea will transcend (29+). Works Cited Leonard, Michael Williams. Artisan Entertainment, 1999 Boggs, Joseph H., Petrie, Dennis W. The Art of Watching Films. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company, 2000 Buzz Section. The Movie Book of Records. Total Film. Dec. 2007: 44-45 Corey, Melinda, and George Ochoa, Eds-in-Chief. The American Film Institute Desk Reference. New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc. , 2002 Harley, Kevin,  «History of Horror. The 90s. » Total Film. Nov. 2007: 110+ Pizzello, Stephen. Rev of The Blair Witch Project by Daniel Myrick and Eduardo Sanchez. American Cinematographer. Apr. 1999: 97-100. Sanchez, Eduardo. Director Interview: Lost and Found. Total Film. Issue 195 (2012): 29+ Shaw, Emily. Daniel Myrick. Contemporary North American Film Directors. A Wallflower Critical Guide. London and New York: Wallflower Press, 2002

Global Warming and Agriculture Essays -- Geology

Global Warming and Agriculture Global warming has been a major topic of environmental concern over the past several decades. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has recently predicted a 1 to 3.5 degree Celsius increase in average atmospheric temperature above 1990 levels by the year 2100. Although this temperature increase may seem small, even an increase or decrease of a few degrees in atmospheric temperature is capable of causing drastic alterations in the agricultural process, among many other everyday issues. Though many studies have been done on the probable effects of an increase in global mean temperature, much is still unknown or only guessed at, due to a general lack of deeper understanding of Earth?s very complex climate system. The effects of factors such as climate variability, water availability, and quality of adaptive response by farmers to the changing climate cannot be determined conclusively. This results in a rather wide range of variability in predictions of global warming eff ects on Earth?s various regions. Even specific temperature and precipitation changes cannot be determined, as they will most likely vary greatly from region to region. The most important factor in the success or failure of a harvest is a sufficiently moist soil during the growing season. A global increase in atmospheric temperatures most probably will cause a general increase in the frequency and duration of droughts and heavy rains, both damaging to agricultural crops. Extended droughts, such as the massive drought of the 1930s known as the ?Dust Bowl,? have throughout history been the causes of massive crop failures. As the Earth?s temperature continues to rise, water supply problems will become more and more o... ...erature and carbon dioxide levels. America and its farmers face a difficult task in preparing for the effects of changing climate on agriculture. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/impacts/index.html http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/9717DD.html http://climatechange.gc.ca/english/html/impacts.html http://www.gcrio.org/ipcc/qa/cover.html http://www.gcrio.org/gwcc/part2.html http://www.whitehouse.gov/Initiatives/Climate/vulnerabilities.html Global Warming and Agriculture Essays -- Geology Global Warming and Agriculture Global warming has been a major topic of environmental concern over the past several decades. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has recently predicted a 1 to 3.5 degree Celsius increase in average atmospheric temperature above 1990 levels by the year 2100. Although this temperature increase may seem small, even an increase or decrease of a few degrees in atmospheric temperature is capable of causing drastic alterations in the agricultural process, among many other everyday issues. Though many studies have been done on the probable effects of an increase in global mean temperature, much is still unknown or only guessed at, due to a general lack of deeper understanding of Earth?s very complex climate system. The effects of factors such as climate variability, water availability, and quality of adaptive response by farmers to the changing climate cannot be determined conclusively. This results in a rather wide range of variability in predictions of global warming eff ects on Earth?s various regions. Even specific temperature and precipitation changes cannot be determined, as they will most likely vary greatly from region to region. The most important factor in the success or failure of a harvest is a sufficiently moist soil during the growing season. A global increase in atmospheric temperatures most probably will cause a general increase in the frequency and duration of droughts and heavy rains, both damaging to agricultural crops. Extended droughts, such as the massive drought of the 1930s known as the ?Dust Bowl,? have throughout history been the causes of massive crop failures. As the Earth?s temperature continues to rise, water supply problems will become more and more o... ...erature and carbon dioxide levels. America and its farmers face a difficult task in preparing for the effects of changing climate on agriculture. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/impacts/index.html http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/9717DD.html http://climatechange.gc.ca/english/html/impacts.html http://www.gcrio.org/ipcc/qa/cover.html http://www.gcrio.org/gwcc/part2.html http://www.whitehouse.gov/Initiatives/Climate/vulnerabilities.html

Comparative Paper Play School and Hi-5 Essay

Despite all the modern excitements that Network 9’s Hi-5 presents, the traditional and ABC’s Play School offers more for early learners. These two children shows are compared in the features of form, purpose, audience and social context. Hi-5 is contemporary and fast paced reflecting the modern culture whereas Play School maintains a sense of simplicity and the traditional elements which still fulfil the 21st century child. The importance of Hi-5 is to entertain whereas Play School educates effectively. The purpose of the opening credits is to draw out the wanted moods of the audience. Apparently, each calming episode of Play School begins with its symbolic, cheerful tune introducing the familiar characters. The opening animation is set in softer tones which attract an open gender audience with characters inviting them to, â€Å"come inside.† This sets up a comforting atmosphere where the children feel valued and safe, allowing learning to take place. Through the opening credits, Play School displays traditional, simple values which emphasize and develop their main purpose of education. Hi-5 is very much concerned with image, consumerism and technology, and as seen in the opening credits, it immediately reinforces the main purpose of entertainment. The vibrant colours which are almost glowing and the coloured patterns, female titled the audience into a state of joy, somewhat reproducing the scene at a disco. The opening credits heavily feature their Hi-5 logo, which in turn is a devious form of product placement. Overall, both shows’ opening credits are shown in a uniquely way. Play School is presented in a calm and a peaceful playful way, whereas, Hi-5 is shown in an upbeat and over exaggerated enjoyable, fun way. Whereas Hi-5’s priority is to create excitement and sell the product through setting and music, Play School’s aim is to provide education in an enjoyable way and helping the children’s intell igence and development. Play School is filmed in a studio resembling a house, in a safe, comfortable and calming surrounding encouraging learning. The realistic setting is provided with familiar, recognizable features such as house lights and colourful curtains. Many aspects of learning are taught through well-known songs sung in the traditional, common style to the simple supplement of a piano. The natural lighting adds to this sense of reality, and a controlled colour frame creates a calm, familiar mood for the audience. Hi-5 too, is shot in a studio, however, it is filmed with the presence of a live audience emphasising a concert setting, reinforcing its main purpose of entertainment. The vibrant lights blink like a performance, and the setting is spare with no familiar objects. This reflects modern popular culture, celebrity obsession and playful fun. Yet, while unfamiliar, Hi-5 is still very exciting, inspiring the children’s imagination forcing them to use their imagination. This creates a happy atmosphere emphasising an exciting and energetic mood reinforcing the main purpose of entertainment. Therefore, both television shows have different and similar ways to engage the audience and their emotions. The structure of these two shows is controlled by the film techniques and technology. Hi-5 relies on flashing disco, coloured effects and cameras, whereas, Play School relies on a more naive approach. The constant, linear panning and minimal editing present in Play School reinforces the slow, calming mood. The viewer’s point of view is enhanced through the use of camera angles and a balanced full range of shots. This reinforces closeness and a connection between viewer and presenter. The minimal use of technology in Play School is non-threatening; everyday objects are used to make craft which breaks down social barriers and encourages imagination. The toys used are familiar and old-fashioned, encouraging a sense of tradition. Hi-5 however uses modern filming techniques with multiple cameras and fast, complex editing. The camera angles and differing points of view are unusual adding to the excitement and overexcited emotions. Combined into Hi-5 is animation, using props and graphics which appeal to a slightly older audience who live in a technological world. The props used, increase the party image preventing children from using their imagination. The main purpose is to entertain, whereas the purpose of Play School is to educate. So therefore, the features used in both programmes differ in order to meet the intended purposes. Through the use of soothing and calm tones, Play School enables their viewers to feel safe, while engaging them in learning. Through repetition, questions, instructions, alliteration and rhyme, the presenters repeat that learning is easy and fun. The combination of languages like in the simple song, â€Å"Bravo Bravisimo,† and the inclusion of sign language, Play School highlights social acceptance and multiculturalism creating a stronger bond between the viewer and th e presenters, reinforcing the purpose of education. The light, good humour is also combined to fulfil their secondary purpose of entertainment. Hi-5 uses the sophisticated and complex humour of jokes and parodies. Through giggling for instance, an exaggerated and happy tone is created as the presenters attempt to reflect a child’s intelligence. This is further reinforced through the regular use of everyday language creating an overly friendly environment, whereas, the exaggerated body language reinforces entertainment and excitement. Through developing forms, purposes, audiences and social context Hi-5 and Play School contrast hugely. It is clear that the purpose of Play School is to educate whereas entertainment is the main purpose of Hi-5. Through aiming the intended emotions at their audience, both these programs achieve their intended purpose and social context.

Free Essays on Determining The Training Needs Of The Organization

Imagine walking into a new job and being thrust to wolves, with little or no training. Many people could not imagine working this way, or having this happen to them. Then imagine this, you spent one week in training and when you begin working you still have no idea what you are supposed to do. This is the case for some companies out there today. Many, if not most, companies have a training program in place today. The problem is that many of these companies have not thought out the program enough to determine the needs of the organization. Some companies today have established training program just because that is what everyone else is doing. A training program is not something that should be taken lightly. It must be well thought out and the company’s goals and ambitions must be included. Determining the organizations training needs is a very significant part of developing a training program. When a company decides to take on the task of implementing a training program, they must first take into consideration the needs of the company as a whole. If the needs of the company both short and long terms are not included in the implementation of the program, the program will not be successful. According to Cary Cherniss and Mitchel Adler, authors of Promoting Emotional Intelligence in Organizations, â€Å"Good training begins with a needs assessment, a step that too many organizations skip, (Cherniss page 85)† This needs assessment is important as it lets both the trainers and managers in the organization know which way the organization is heading and how the organization plans on getting there. This assessment of the overall organization as a whole will also help to determine what the specific competencies the training department should be concentrating on within the program. Determining the organizations training needs before diving head first into a program will also help to eliminate the problem of leaving import... Free Essays on Determining The Training Needs Of The Organization Free Essays on Determining The Training Needs Of The Organization Imagine walking into a new job and being thrust to wolves, with little or no training. Many people could not imagine working this way, or having this happen to them. Then imagine this, you spent one week in training and when you begin working you still have no idea what you are supposed to do. This is the case for some companies out there today. Many, if not most, companies have a training program in place today. The problem is that many of these companies have not thought out the program enough to determine the needs of the organization. Some companies today have established training program just because that is what everyone else is doing. A training program is not something that should be taken lightly. It must be well thought out and the company’s goals and ambitions must be included. Determining the organizations training needs is a very significant part of developing a training program. When a company decides to take on the task of implementing a training program, they must first take into consideration the needs of the company as a whole. If the needs of the company both short and long terms are not included in the implementation of the program, the program will not be successful. According to Cary Cherniss and Mitchel Adler, authors of Promoting Emotional Intelligence in Organizations, â€Å"Good training begins with a needs assessment, a step that too many organizations skip, (Cherniss page 85)† This needs assessment is important as it lets both the trainers and managers in the organization know which way the organization is heading and how the organization plans on getting there. This assessment of the overall organization as a whole will also help to determine what the specific competencies the training department should be concentrating on within the program. Determining the organizations training needs before diving head first into a program will also help to eliminate the problem of leaving import...

Oedipus Rex1 essays

Oedipus Rex1 essays Knowledge is a great weapon used by society for help, comfort, and most importantly advancement of the human race. Unfortunately, knowledge is often accompanied by sorrow and grief. In the Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex Sophocles shows how Oedipuss thirst for the knowledge of his past leads to his own demise. Knowledge is not just given to the characters in the tragedy. Oedipus, sincerely and seriously, "must know it all, [and] see the truth at last"(1169). He also most know the percise truth, "what exactly"(1130) happened in his past. Oedipus feels that "The time has come to reveal this once for all"(1153) knowing completely the sorrow the truth may bring. He accepts that there may be grief following the truth shouting "Let it burst! Whatever will, whatever must!"(1183) knowing that the truth may be "something monstrus"(1181). Once Oedipus has been fed a morsel of truth he questions his wife, "What - give up now?, with a clue like this? Fail to solve the mystery of my birth? Not for the world!"(1162). Oedipus seals his own fate when he ask the chorus "Even if god had never urged you on to act, how could you leave the crime uncleansed for so long?"(293). Oedipus is not the only one to quest for knowledge. In the beginning the chorus wants to know "Whose ruthless bloody hands hav e done the work?"(530) and "Who is the man the voice of god denounces resounding out of the rocky gorge of Delphi?"(522). Jocasta, Oedipuss wife and mother, is also inquisitive before her moment of recognition. When a messenger from Oedipus's birth land comes to Thebes she ask, "What have you come for? Have you brought news?"(1021). We, like the characters of Oedipus Rex, are inquisitive even knowing that the truth sometimes can only bring sorrow to us and the ones we love. Almost every piece of information learned in Oedpius Rex leads t ...

QoS and network monitoring on Linksys consumer devices (Wireless Research Paper

QoS and network monitoring on Linksys consumer devices (Wireless Protocol 802.11e) - Research Paper Example Key words IEEE 802.11e, Diffserv IEEE 802.11, WLAN, Quality-of-Service (QoS) Introduction As technology advances, communication over a wireless network is becoming preferable over other forms of communication. The modern networks are designed in such a way that they support more sophisticated traffic as compared to traditional networks. The advanced features of modern networks enables various traffic such as web traffic, file sharing traffic, and email traffic (Evans & Filsfils, 2010). In recent time, sensitive traffic such as video and voice have been introduced to share common transmission medium. The use of this sensitive medium demands regulated and guaranteed services. Considering the above stated sensitive nature of the data being transmitted, the traffic on transit is susceptible to many communication obstacles. Among the obstacles the sensitive traffic being transmitted meet include Lack of bandwidth, Delay, Jitter, and Data loss. For better, Quality of service tools have bee n developed (Alvarez, 2006). This Quality of Service tools have been specifically designed to provide applications which enable consistent and guaranteed experience to the user. In broadband technology, IEEE 802.11 has become prevalent. This technology is often referred to as the wireless Ethernet basing on Medium Access protocol and the ability to provide transmission rates of up to 54 Mbps. To make the IEEE 802.11 more efficient, the technology has evolved to support quality of service. Consequently, there has been the emergence of the IEEE 802.11e. This research paper is aimed at discussing limitations of IEEE 802.11 standards, Quality of Service methodologies, IEEE 802.11e standards, and to expose existing weaknesses in the Quality of Services architectures. Overview of 802.11 WLANs and its QoS limitations Point coordination functions and distributed coordination functions are the major access functions of the IEEE 802.11 definitions of the MAC sub – layer. Basically, the access function of IEEE 802.11 is the distributed coordination function (DCF). During packet transmission using the IEEE 802.11 standards, the data is exposed to various vulnerabilities as discussed below. Delay (Latency) This is one of the characteristics of a wireless network that can be measured quantitatively. This is the measure of the time packets that are transmitted across a network form end – to – end. The units for measuring latency are fractions of seconds. Measurement of latency can be done either to a single source from a single source ( One-way) or round – trip, which involves measurement from the single source to the destination and back to the original source (Cisco, 2012). In cases where there is fast communication between the devices, the time taken for packet transmission is automatically very low, this is referred to as low latency. On the contrary, when the transmission of the packets takes significant amount of time to be transmitted, betw een the destination and the source, there is an indication that there is high latency on the network. Generally, the occurrence of latency depends on the location of the communicating computers and the available network infrastructure. Occurrence of delay is not point specific. It occurs at any point along the network. Thus delay is also referred to as end –

20 multiple choice questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

20 multiple choice questions - Assignment Example Because this warmer air is less dense, it glides up along the slope and generates a Valley breeze. 11. Thunderstorms are caused by the upward movement of warm, moist, unstable air. They are associated with cumulonimbus clouds that generate heavy rainfall, lightning, thunder, and occasionally hail and tornadoes. 15. Although cP air masses are not normally associated with heavy precipitation, those that cross the Great lakes in late autumn and winter sometimes bring snow to the leeward shores. These are known as lake effect snows, and they make Buffalo and Rochester, New York, among the snowiest cities in the United States. 17. Whereas a tornado watch is designed to alert people to the possibility of tornadoes, a tornado warning is issued by local offices of the National Weather Service when a tornado has actually been sighted in an area or is indicated by weather

Literary Lenses in our Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literary Lenses in our Media - Essay Example The themes include the quest and the fall, and contain legend and myth within the plot. â€Å"Heroes† has the basic underlying of any story having to deal with a superhero. There is the good side and the bad side, and the adventures and turmoil that they all must go through in regards to who they are. The legend and myth that can be found within the story are typical of all superheroes – these people possess powers that have only been previously heard or seen in myths and tales. Once these characters receives these powers of legend, they must wield them and use them how they see fit, to their benefit. After the powers have been discovered and the characters understand what they must do with them, the things that follow – their adventures and moments of rescue and brevity – are also tales only found in legend. This literary lens basically shows things that normally should not be possible other than in their legends, yet still prove to be possible in the modern-day tale. The characters fall into the same positions as their myth counterparts, and the themes are set up in the same way, though modernized of course. With older superhero films, such as Superman, Batman, and Spiderman, the same rules apply in which ordinary people discover that they can do extraordinary things, and they must learn to use said things for their benefit in a positive way. Though, this does not always apply to the villains. Another literary lens that can be seen in â€Å"Heroes† is that of existentialism, which involves how a person exists, lives their life, and alters it to fit their environment and their purpose. The characters of â€Å"Heroes† both shape their existence and allow themselves to be shaped by it. They take who they are and use that knowledge and power to help others, and they let the need of others decide for them what they have to do. In â€Å"Heroes,† the characters are constantly choosing between what they have to do, what they want to do, and what

Galileo on religion and science Essay Example for Free

Galileo on religion and science Essay Explain Galileo’s attempt to make science and religion compatible, with particular reference to methods of justification. How successful is he? Use Kuhn’s notion of incommensurability to investigate Galileo’s attempt to reconcile the propositions of science and religion. There will always be a battle between religion and science, it is a truth universally acknowledged. Galileo attempted to make the two compatible by suggesting that the truth can only be sought out if the notion under consideration can be accurately tested and if the opposing view can be founded as false. Galileo’s goes into depth about the truth of scripture and the sciences, intertwined with the reason of man, in his letter to Christina of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany. Early on in the letter Galileo, infers from St Augustine that the Holy Ghost did not intend to teach â€Å"how heaven goes† rather â€Å"how one goes to heaven†. Galileo interprets this as the underlying basis for the â€Å"common† people to believe that man should not concern themselves with science and that it is against the Bible, and therefore blasphemous. Furthermore this misconception is continued, as Galileo believes that the â€Å"common† people understand the truth in the Bible is largely to do with one’s salvation and other physical things such as whether the Sun or Earth are mobile, are irrelevant. From this Galileo leads on to discuss that â€Å"physical problems† are able to be solved through â€Å"sense-experiences† and reason, as well as the â€Å"authority of scriptural passages† highlighting that either are valid to contain the truth. Galileo argues that God gifted man with the power of reason and logic, so that they would be able to discover and learn about his creation. God did not â€Å"set bounds to human ingenuity† so why should the church impose them, by discrediting and prohibiting some of the greatest work of philosophers and scientists? Galileo had two types of physical propositions: those that are able to be subjected to tests and experiments and those that can only be conjectured about; and these are best left to faith and Holy Scriptures. Galileo did not believe that everything in the universe was known to man, he believed that there were more truths to be discovered. He did not agree that â€Å"free-philosophizing† should be shunned, because the Holy Ghost states that â€Å"man cannot find out the work that God hath done from beginning even to  end†. Galileo is not satisfied by this and urges others to not side with the common opinion of the scriptures, to the point where it blocks logic and reason, and ultimately truth. He highlights this by using the Sun and the Earth: the debate about the still Sun and the mobile Earth, as many come to believe – â€Å"it was most absurd to believe otherwise†. This is because Nicholas Copernicus provided evidence for his claims which were reasonable and logical; that it was â€Å"plain as daylight†. Galileo stresses the importance of not bending the word of God to fulfil ones â€Å"foolish fancies† i.e. one should guard themselves against deliberately misinterpreting the Holy Scripture to suit their own end. The repetition of this (citing scripture to back up their skewed claims) will lead to the inevitable adoption of this understanding and consequently missing the true mean behind the scriptural passages. This is what Galileo means when he refers to as the â€Å"v ulgar† and â€Å"common† people, sometimes misinterpret the holy writings of the Bible â€Å"to fulfil their foolish fancies†. Because of this Galileo advocates the importance for mankind to step away from information that just concerns salvation and to broaden their horizons; most importantly, to not be afraid of the truth. By this he suggests that Holy Scripture and explanations of physical things have their own place in the world and that man should keep an open mind to explore both, because both are valid sources of the truth. He goes on to say that God did not intend for his Word to be misinterpreted like this and the true meaning to be obscured, and this â€Å"sort of abuse† should not â€Å"gain countenance and authority†. However as Galileo stated it is â€Å"more pleasant to gain a reputation for wisdom† without experiments and research than it is to pursue science and produce evidence for these physical observations. Galileo is thankful to God because he does not allow the majority of these â€Å"common folk† as stated above to have all the authority, some learned people too have authority. Galileo is not speaking blasphemy, he is suggesting there is a place for both Holy doctrine as well as scientific doctrine and he attempts to prove this. Galileo is concerned with obtaining the truth about the world we live in, whether religion provides an answer or science. This is evident in the letter when he is discussing the â€Å"celestial bodies† concerning the work of Copernicus. Galileo believes that it would be wholly unjustified to ban  Copernicus’ work after it has been confirmed over the years, he puts it: â€Å"in my judgement to be a contravention of the truth† if this were to occur. Basically Galileo believes if something is true, the basis of the truth either, religious or scientific is equally creditable. He further states that if scientific fact is unattainable, it must be a thing of faith and religion; â€Å"where human reasoning cannot reach† and there â€Å"is no science but only opinion of faith† the truth must be in the Scripture. This is demonstrated in the letter â€Å"whether the stars are animate† or â€Å"whether or not the heavens are spherical†. Galileo believes that ultimately that the science behind a phenomena will equate to the Scripture that describes it; â€Å"the true senses of the Bible† â€Å"will most certainly be found to agree with the proven fact†. He further goes on to admit, that at first the two may seem completely different and closer scrutiny is required. Galileo proves his point further by stating that â€Å"two truths can never contradict each other† ultimately, the religious and scientific, must both be compatible for something to be proven true. The matter of Galileo’s success is dependent largely on his era and the audience. Being a follower of God as well as a man of science and a philosopher, Galileo had to come to terms with both his beliefs and what his physical senses and reasoning told him about the world. He achieved this by describing that the facts produced by reasoning will equal the truth held in the Scripture; both religion and science were correct. However, this was conditional: the Holy Scripture should not be misinterpreted and the notion under consideration should be tested through logic. Following this Galileo, believed that the understanding held by an individual of the Holy Scripture, chiefly relied upon how leaned such a person was and their capacity to understand the true meaning of the Scriptural passages. Primarily Galileo could not disregard the Bible wholly: firstly, as mentioned above he himself believed greatly in God and secondly the people of the time were immersed in the religion from infancy it was to them, â€Å"common† knowledge and the truth about the world. Given this Galileo had to find a solution to please both religious beliefs whilst allowing scientific inquiry and philosophising to occur. As he describe the â€Å"vulgar† and â€Å"common† people may shun his ideas, because they do not accept anything that is not Holy Scripture, and believe Galileo and other scientists and philosophers to be blasphemous. However Galileo attempts to  make sense of this by discussing that perhaps they misinterpreted the Bible and consequently the true meaning (which is compatible with science) is lost to them, that it is beyond their capacity to comprehend. It is remarked by Galileo: â€Å"people who are unable to understand both the Bible and the sciences far out number those who do understand† – perhaps this is Galileo commenting on his own success; that he is only able to reach people if they understand the true meaning of Scripture and are capable of understanding the sciences. Galileo in his attempt to reconcile the propositions of both religion and science, it is evident that he employed Kuhn’s measures of perpetual incommensurability. The evidence acquired via observation is an insufficient basis for theory comparison, due to the inherent idea that perceptual experience is theory dependant. Basically, one’s ability to develop a theory is based on their previous life experiences; whether it be from actual physical events, emotional or spiritual events. All play a role in the development of a theory, which is formed based on how an individual sees the world and what they conclude about it. This in mind, it can be observed that Galileo’s religious upbringing and his adulthood, greatly influenced his views on religion and science. Galileo believed that Holy Scripture and the sciences were compatible; it can be inferred from his letter (as previously discussed) that when human reasoning is unable to provide an answer than it must be left to faith. Extrapolating on this one may conclude that Galileo could be suggesting that the true meaning of science was written in the Bible and God gifted humans with the power to reason, to ultimately find out the truth of the world, of creation. It is this notion that people may find it hard to come to terms with because, it was believed that God did not want humans to discover the truth. However, Galileo questioned (as did many others) why then did God bestow reason and logic on humans? This ultimately drives Galileo in his quest to make religion and science compatible. This reflects the perpetual incommensurability of Kuhn; that one’s background will inevitably colour their perception, as demonstrated by Galileo’s attempt to reconcile religious faith and the s ciences. Reference list All in text citations and all information about this essay were sourced from the following: ATS2867, Thinking about Science Study guide and Readings, Monash University, 1998: 15-30;51-66.